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Detailed evaluation of remediation options (INFO-OA2)

Environment Agency / DEFRA

• Costs and Benefits Associated with the Remediation of Contaminated Groundwater: A Review of the Issues, R&D Technical Report 278. EA, 1999. (INFO-OA2f) (PDF, 8MB)
• Costs and Benefits Associated with the Remediation of Contaminated Groundwater: A Framework for Assessment, R&D Technical Report 279. EA, 2000. (INFO-OA2g) (PDF, 10.2MB)
• Active Containment: Combined Treatment and Containment Systems. DETR, 1998. (INFO-OA2e). This document is no longer available online. Copies may be available from Defra
• Cost-Benefit Analysis for Remediation of Land Contamination, R&D Technical Report P316. EA, 1999. (INFO-OA2h) (PDF, 25.5MB)
• Costs and benefits associated with the remediation of contaminated Groundwater: Application and Example, R&D Technical Report P2-078/TR. EA, 2002. (INFO-OA2k) (PDF, 5.7MB)
• Guidance on the use of Permeable Reactive Barriers (PRBs) for remediating contaminated groundwater. EA, 2002. (INFO-OA2o)

• Remedial Treatment for Contaminated Land, SP 105 – SP 109. CIRIA,1995. (INFO-OA2b). Part of a 12 volume set.
• Barriers, Liners and Cover Systems for Containment and Control of Land Contamination, SP124. CIRIA, 1996. (INFO-OA2d).
• Remedial Processes for Contaminated Land – Principles and Practice, C549. CIRIA, 2001 (INFO-OA2i). Available from CIRIA
• Biological Methods for the Assessment and Remediation of Contaminated Land: Case Studies, C575. CIRIA, 2002. (INFO-OA2j).

BRE

• Slurry Trench Cut-off Walls to Contain Contamination, Digest 395. BRE,1994. (INFO-OA2a).
• Polymeric Anti-corrosion Coatings for Protection of Materials in Contaminated Land, BR 286. BRE, 1995. (INFO-OA2c).

CL:AIRE

Contaminated Land Remediation Report

Bioremediation

CSB 02 - A constructed wetland to treat acid mine drainage from colliery spoils at Quaking Houses, County Durham (2002)

RB 01 - Enhanced in situ bioremediation technique for manganese removal from mine waters (2003)

RB 06 - Results of a laboratory microcosm study to determine the potential for bioremediation of chlorinated solventDNAPL source areas (2006)

RB 10 - Bioremediation of heavy hydrocarbons –reducing uncertainty in meeting risk-based targets: laboratory to field scale (PROMISE Project) (2010)

RB 11 - Streamtube project overview: Longitudinal transect assessment of the SABRE site DNAPL source zone (2010)

RB 20 - Investigating the Potential for Biostimulation to Remediate Uranium-contaminated Groundwater (2015)

SAB 01 - Project SABRE (Source Area Bioremediation) - an Overview (2010)

SAB 02 - Site Investigation techniques for DNAPL source and plume zone characterisation (2010)

SAB 03 - Results of laboratory column studies to determine the potential for bioremediation of chlorinated solvent DNAPL source areas (2010)

SAB 04 - Insights and modelling tools for designing and improving chlorinated solvent bioremediation applications (2010)

SAB 05 - Overview of the SABRE field tests (2010)

SB 03 - Coal Mine Sites for Targeted Remediation Research:- The CoSTaR Initiative (2006)

TDP 06 - Snapshot

TDP 04 - Snapshot

TDP 12: Bioremediation of the Coke Works and Former Colliery at Askern, Doncaster (2005)

Chemical Remediation

CSB 04 - Mine water treatment at Wheal Jane Tin Mine, Cornwall (2004)

TDP 25 - Decision Support Tool for Innovative In Situ Multi-Contaminant Groundwater Remediation (2014)

RB 05 - Remediation of Heavy Metal Pollution via Bone Meal Amendments to Soil: Field and Laboratory Trials (2007)

RB 05 - Supplement

TB 14 - Treatment of Chromium Contamination and Chromium Ore Processing Residue (2007)

TDP 25 - Decision Support Tool for Innovative In Situ Multi-Contaminant Groundwater Remediation (2014)

TDP 30 - In Situ 'Deliverability' Trials Using Calcium Polysulphide to Treat Chromium Contamination at Shawfield, Glasgow

TDP 31 - Demonstration of the ArviaTM process of adsorption coupled with electrochemical regeneration for the on-site, ex situ, decomposition of organic contaminants in groundwater (2013)

TrB 03: Chemical Oxidation (2013)

Electrokinetics

RB 02 - FIRS (Ferric Iron Remediation and Stabilisation): a novel electrokinetic technique for soil remediation and engineering (2003)

RB 09 - Electrokinetic Ferric Iron Remediation and Stabilisation (FIRS) of Hexavalent Chromium Contaminated Soils: An Ex Situ Field Scale Demonstration (2009)

Natural Attenuation

Guidance on the Assessment and Monitoring of Natural Attenuation of Contaminants in Groundwater

CSB 01 - Site characterisation in support of monitored natural attenuation of fuel hydrocarbons and MTBE in a chalk aquifer in Southern England (2002)

RB 03 - Project SIReN: Research projects (2006)

RB 04 - Project SIReN – Future research needs (2006)

RP 03 - Processes Controlling the Natural Attenuation of Fuel Hydrocarbons and MTBE in Chalk (2006)

RP 03 - Snapshot

SB 01 - MNA Bulletin (2005)

SB 02 - SIRen (MNA) overview and description of projects (2005)

Permeable Reactive Barrier

CSB 03 - Portadown biological reactive barrier (2005)

TDP 03 - Design, Installation and Performance Assessment of a Zero Valent Iron Permeable Reactive Barrier in Monkstown, Northern Ireland (2001)

TDP 03 - Snapshot

TDP05: A Reducing and Alkalinity Producing System (RAPS) for Passive Treatment of Acidic, Aluminium Rich Leachates from Mine Spoils (2005)

TDP 05 - Snapshot

TDP13: Passive Treatment of Severely Contaminated Colliery Spoil Leachate using a Permeable Reactive Barrier (2006)

TDP 13 - Snapshot

TDP17: A Biological Sequential Reactive Barrier (Serebar): Design, Installation and Performance at a Former Manufactured Gas Plant (Fmgp) Site in South West England (2008)

TDP20: Design and Installation of a Permeable Reactive Barrier to Treat Carbon Disulphide-Contaminated Groundwater (2009)

TDP 21 - Remediation of Agricultural Diffuse NITRAte Polluted Waters through the Implementation of a Permeable Reactive BARrier (NITRABAR)

TrB 02 - Permeable Reactive Barriers (2011)

Soil Vapour Extraction

TDP 09 - Use of an Air Sparge Treatment Curtain to Remediate Groundwater at a Former Gas Works (2004)

TDP 16 - Remediation of Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Contaminated Soils using Ex Situ Soil Vapour Extraction (2007)

TDP 16 - Snapshot

Phytoremediation

RP 06 - Phytoextraction of Metals: Investigation of Hyperaccumulation and Field Testing (2005)

RP 06 - Snapshot

Nanoremediation

Defra Nanoremediation Research Project Final Report

NanoRem Bulletins

NanoRem 1 - Nanotechnology for Contaminated Land Remediation – Possibilities and Future Trends Resulting from the NanoRem Project (2016)

NanoRem 4 - A Guide to Nanoparticles for the Remediation of Contaminated Sites (2016)

NanoRem 2 - Appropriate Use of Nanoremediation in Contaminated Land Management (2017)

NanoRem 3 - Generalised Guideline for Application of Nanoremediation (2017)

NanoRem 5 - Development and Application of Analytical Methods for Monitoring Nanoparticles in Remediation (2017)

NanoRem 6 - Forecasting Nanoparticle Transport in Support of In Situ Groundwater Remediation (2017)

NanoRem 7 - NanoRem Pilot Site – Spolchemie I, Czech Republic (2017)

NanoRem 8 - NanoRem Pilot Site – Spolchemie II, Czech Republic (2017)

NanoRem 9 - NanoRem Pilot Site – Solvay, Switzerland (2017)

NanoRem 10 - NanoRem Pilot Site – Balassagyarmat, Hungary (2017)

NanoRem 11 - NanoRem Pilot Site – Neot Hovav, Israel (2017)

NanoRem 12 - NanoRem Pilot Site – Nitrastur, Spain (2017)

Soil Washing

CSB 07 - Remediation Trial at the Avenue Using Soil Washing (2008)

TB 02 - Multilevel sampling systems (2002)

TB 13 - Understanding Soil Washing (2007)

TDP 02 - Remediation of Basford Gasworks Using Soil Washing (2003)

TDP 02 - Snapshot

TrB 01: Soil Washing (2011)

Stabilisation / Solidification

CSB 05 - Remediation trial at the Avenue Coking Works using stabilisation/solidification and accelerated carbonation technology (2006)

GB 01 - Stabilisation/solidification for the treatment of contaminated soil (2005)

RP 16: Performance Assessment of Stabilised / Solidified Waste Forms (PASSiFy)

Smirt Leaflet 20/01/10

TB 09 - Stabilisation/Solidification Treatment and Remediation: Part 1: Summary of the State of Practice Reports I-IV STARNET (2004)

TDP 08: Avenue Coking Works: A Field Demonstration of Accelerated Carbonation Technology (ACT) for the Remediation of Contaminated Soil

Thermal

CSB 06 - Remediation Trial at the Avenue Using Thermal Treatment (2006)

TDP01: Remediation Trial Using Low Temperature Thermal Desorption to Treat Hydrocarbon Contaminated Soil (2004)

TDP 01 - Snapshot

TDP 24: Application of Thermally Enhanced Soil Vapour Extraction (TESVE) to Remediate the Unsaturated Zone at the Western Storage Area (WSA), Harwell (2010)

TDP 24 - Snapshot

TDP 26 - In Situ Soil and Groundwater Decontamination using Electric Resistive Heating Technology (Six-Phase Heating) (2008)

TDP 28 - In situ radio frequency heating (ISRFH) of hydrocarbon contaminated chalk at a former service station in Kent (2011)

 

Developing the remediation strategy (INFO-OA3)

• Slurry Trench Cut-off Walls to Contain Contamination, Digest 395. BRE,1994. (INFO-OA2a). Available from BRE
• Remedial Treatment for Contaminated Land, SP 105 – SP 109.  CIRIA,1995. (INFO-OA2b). Part of a 12 volume set, available from CIRIA
• Polymeric Anti-corrosion Coatings for Protection of Materials in Contaminated Land, BR 286. BRE, 1995. (INFO-OA2c). Available from BRE
• Barriers, Liners and Cover Systems for Containment and Control of Land Contamination, SP124. CIRIA, 1996. (INFO-OA2d). Available from CIRA publications
• A Regulator's Guide to Cover Systems and their Verification. 2024, National Contaminated Land Officers Group
• Active Containment: Combined Treatment and Containment Systems.  DETR, 1998. (INFO-OA2e). This document is no longer available online.  Copies may be available from Defra
• Costs and Benefits Associated with the Remediation of Contaminated Groundwater: A Review of the Issues, R&D Technical Report 278. EA, 1999. (INFO-OA2f) (PDF, 8MB)
• Costs and Benefits Associated with the Remediation of Contaminated Groundwater: A Framework for Assessment, R&D Technical Report 279.  EA, 2000. (INFO-OA2g) (PDF, 10.2MB)
• Cost-Benefit Analysis for Remediation of Land Contamination, R&D Technical Report P316.  EA, 1999. (INFO-OA2h) (PDF, 25.5MB)
• Remedial Processes for Contaminated Land – Principles and Practice, C549.  CIRIA, 2001 (INFO-OA2i). Available from CIRIA
• Biological Methods for the Assessment and Remediation of Contaminated Land: Case Studies, C575.  CIRIA, 2002. (INFO-OA2j). Available from CIRIA
• Costs and benefits associated with the remediation of contaminated Groundwater: Application and Example, R&D Technical Report P2-078/TR. EA, 2002. (INFO-OA2k) (PDF, 5.7MB)

CL:AIRE (INFO-OA2n)
A range of publications on different aspects of remediation:

• Technology Demonstration Project Reports
• Case Study Bulletins
• Research Bulletins
• Technical Bulletins
• CL:AIRE

• Guidance on the use of Permeable Reactive Barriers (PRBs) for remediating contaminated groundwater. EA, 2002. (INFO-OA2o)  

 

Identification of feasible remediation options (INFO-OA1)

• Remedial Treatments for Contaminated Land, SP 104, Classification and Selection of Remedial Methods. CIRIA,1995. Part of a 12 volume set. (INFO-OA1a)
• Assessing the Wider Environmental Value of Remediating Land Contamination: A Review, R&D Technical Report, P238. EA, 2000. (PDF, 656KB) (INFO-OA1b)
• Remedial Treatment Action Data Sheets. EA, 2001. (PDF, 955KB) (INFO-OA1c)
• Guidance on the Assessment and Monitoring of Natural Attenuation of Contaminants in Groundwater, R&D Publication 95. EA, 2000. (INFO-OA1d) Withdrawn April 2024
• Guidance on the Assessment and Monitoring of Natural Attenuation of Contaminants in Groundwater, CL:AIRE, 2024.
• Guidance on the use of Permeable Reactive Barriers for Remediating Contaminated Groundwater NC/01/51. EA, 2002. (PDF, 1.2MB) (INFO-OA1f)
• Guidance on the use of Stabilisation/Solidification for the Treatment of Contaminated Soil, R&D Technical Report P5-064/TS. EA, 2004. (PDF, 763KB) (INFO-OA1g)
• Review of Scientific Literature on the use of Stabilisation/solidification for the Treatment of contaminated soil, solid waste and sludges (PDF, 4.3MB)
• A summary of the UK’s participation in the CLARINET and the NATO/CCMS Pilot Study during 1998 and 1999. EA, 1999 (PDF, 1MB)
• Mobilising Nature’s Armoury: Monitored Natural Attenuation – dealing with pollution using natural processes. EA, 2004 (PDF, 920KB)
• Stabilization and Solidification of Contaminated Soil and Waste: A Manual of Practice. HyggeMedia, 2015 (PDF, 25MB)
• Definition of Waste: Development industry Code of Practice

Natural Source Zone Depletion (NSZD)

• CL:AIRE (2024). Guidance on Natural Source Zone Depletion.
• CRC Care (2020). CRC CARE Technical Report 46: The role of natural source zone depletion in the management of LNAPL contaminated sites.
• CL:AIRE Technical Bulletin 20 (2019). An introduction to Natural Source Zone Depletion.
• CRC Care (2018). CRC CARE Technical Report 44: Technical measurement guidance for LNAPL Natural Source Zone Depletion.
• ITRC (2018). Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid (LNAPL) Site management: LCSM Evolution, Decision Process, and Remedial Technologies (LNAPL-3) - Appendix B: Natural Soure Zone Depletion Appendix
• ITRC (2009). Evaluating Natural Source Zone Depletion at Site with LNAPL.

Sustainable Remediation

• Sustainable Remediation
• SuRF International
• International Sustainable Remediation Alliance

SUBR:IM

• SUB 01 - The role of the development industry in brownfield regeneration (2006)
• SUB 02 - Uncovering the true impacts of remediation (2007)
• SUB 03 - Climate change, pollutant linkage and brownfield regeneration (2007)
• SUB 04 - Measuring sustainability: What's in a number? (2007)
• SUB 05 - Avoiding future brownfield sites through design for deconstruction and the reuse of building components (2007)
• SUB 06 - Communicating risk on contaminated sites: How best to engage with local residents (2007)
• SUB 07 - Acid Tar Lagoons (2008)
• SUB 08 - Community Engagement, Urban Regeneration and Sustainability (2008)
• SUB 09 - Quality in Land Remediation: Indicators and Protocols for Brownfield Land (2008)
• SUB 10 - The Use of Compost in the Regeneration of Brownfield Land (2008)
• SUB 11 - Integrated remediation, reclamation and greenspace creation on brownfield land (2009)
• SUB 12 - SUBR:IM (Sustainable Urban Brownfield Regeneration: Integrated Management) - An overview (2009)

General

• Common Forum and NICOLE Joint Position Statement on Sustainable Remediation
• RB 19 - Regeneration Of Brownfield Using Sustainable Technologies (ROBUST)